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The CAPE® Ratio: A Foundation for Long-Term Perspective
Since its introduction in 1988 by Professor Robert Shiller and John Campbell, the Cyclically Adjusted Price Earnings (CAPE®) ratio aims to offer investors a lens to look beyond short-term market noise. Unlike the traditional P/E ratio, which may be distorted by cyclical swings in annual earnings, the CAPE® ratio uses a ten-year average of inflation-adjusted earnings. The objective of this approach is to smooth volatility, providing a more reliable signal of long-term over- or undervaluation in equity markets.
"Every stock or sector has its ups and downs, just like every sports team has their winning seasons and their slumps. Even when the benchmark is relatively expensive, some sectors or stocks can remain quite cheap.”"
Ben Shiller likens market cycles to the fortunes of sports teams yet cautions that not every ‘cheap’ sector is a bargain – some may be value traps. The key is to distinguish whether a stock or sector is temporarily undervalued or facing fundamental problems.
CAPE® Today: Evolving Markets and an Evolving Partnership
In recent years, the CAPE® ratio has been used by investors to navigate markets shaped by speculation and uncertainty, offering a disciplined, long-term view beyond short-term swings. Professor Shiller and Laurence Black’s recent reflection on the CAPE ratio at 40 highlights similarities to late1990s valuation levels.
With a handful of tech companies driving much of the S&P 500’s performance, despite limited realised productivity gains from AI, tools like CAPE® may be increasingly important in separating durable fundamentals from short-lived trends.
This perspective has been further informed by ongoing academic work within the Barclays–Shiller partnership, including contributions from Ben and Derek Shiller since 2020, reinforcing a shared emphasis on long‑horizon valuation and structural market dynamics.
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Ben Shiller:
Investing in undervalued sectors can be a smart move. Every sector or stock has its ups and downs. Just like a sports team, they all have their winning seasons and their slumps.Even when the benchmark is relatively expensive, some sectors, or stocks can remain quite cheap. We aim to identify bargain sectors using the cyclically adjusted price-to-earnings ration, abbreviated as the CAPE ratio.
But just because a stock or sector is cheap, doesn't necessarily mean it's a steal. Sectors could be cheap for a reason - it could be industry obsolesncence, poor management, a declining business prospect, etc.
We call sectors that falsely appear to be a bargain, a value trap. The key is to distinguish whether a stock or sector is temporarily undervalued, or facing fundamental problems that will continue to drag on its performance.
Professor Robert Shiller:
In the last few years, the CAPE ratio has seemed especially important. These are years when speculative behaviour has been prominent, because we live in a world with fundamental uncertainty.
The CAPE ratio is an improvement on the traiditional price earnings ratio. So we take a ten year average of the real inflation-corrected earnings and use that as an indicator of overpricing in the market.
It really is a matter of opinion, unless you look at some statistic as an indicator.
Narratives drive markets. People are activated and excited by stories.
You shouldn't be overly fearful of investing in the stock market. But if you stake steps to make your investing responsive to measures of overpricing like the CAPE ratio, you go a long way to making it as part of your success story as an investor.
About the experts
Robert Shiller
Sterling Professor Emeritus of Economics, Yale University
Laurence Black
Founder of the Index Standard, Index Advisor to Professor Robert Shiller
Derek Shiller
Senior Researcher at think tank Rethink Priorities, Index Advisor to Professor Robert Shiller
Benjamin Shiller
Associate Professor at Brandeis University, Index Advisor to Professor Robert Shiller
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